فولکلور,فلكلور ,Folklore
فولکلور
فولکلور (به انگلیسی: Folklore) را میتوان مجموعهای شامل افسانهها، داستانها، موسیقی، رقص، تاریخ شفاهی، ضربالمثلها، هزلیات، باورهای عامه، رسوم دانست.فولکلور از دو کلمه انگلیسی فولک به معنی توده و لور به معنی دانش تشکیل شده است[۱].
فولکلور را بیشتر در بررسی تودههای عامی مردم میجوید معمولاً در میان اقوام قدیمی بحز قبایل وحشی نمونههایی از فولکلور یافت میشود[۲].واژه فولکلور را برای اولین بار ویلیام تامس عتیقهشناس انگلیسی در مقالهای که موضوع آن بحث دربارهٔ دانش عامیانه و آداب و رسوم سنتی بود بیان داشت[۳].این اصطلاح از نیم قرن پیش نیز در ایران و ادبیات آن راه یافتهاست و بهتدریج این اصطلاح بهمعنی دانش عامیانه و دانستنیهای تودهٔ مردم رواج یافت و «فرهنگ عامه»، «فرهنگ عامیانه»، «فرهنگ توده» و «فرهنگ مردم» نامیده شد[۴].
فولکلور در ایران
ایران به لحاظ قدمت تاریخی دارای تنوع آداب و رسوم و عقاید است و به همین لحاط دارای فولکلر غنی است.در ایران افسانهسرایی و قصهگویی از سنن دیرباز ایرانیان محسوب میشود.
شواهد افسانهها و اساطیر ایران از زمان زرتشت و صدها سال قبل از او در اوستا منعکس است. سوای آثار مکتوب، هزاران قصه و افسانه و داستان بطور شفاهی و دهان به دهان در دهات و شهرها و کوهپایههای این مرز و بوم رایج بود که یا در قهوه خانهها و یا شبها در خانهها نقل میشد و شاید تا بیست سال بیش در هر خانواده لااقل یک نفر که بهتر قصه بگوید و دهها داستان بداند وجود داشت و زندگی و آداب و رسوم ما رنگ غنی و خاص فولکلوریک خود را دارا بود[۵].
جُستارهای وابسته
* فرهنگ عامه
منابع
1. ↑ فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه دهخدا (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷).
2. ↑ هویت ملی در سایه فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه باشگاه اندیشه (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷). بازدید در تاریخ شهریور ۱۳۸۷.
3. ↑ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, «Folkloristics: An Introduction,» Indiana University Press, ۱۹۹۵.
4. ↑ فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه آفتاب (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷). بازدید در تاریخ شهریور ۱۳۸۷.
5. ↑ روح الامینی، محمود، مبانی انسانشناسی گرد شهر با چراغ صفحه ۲۶۶
فلكلور عربي
هي الموروثات الشعبية التي تنتشر في البلدان العربية و التي تشتمل على الرقص الشعبي و الرويات الشفوية و الأغاني الشعبية وهي أغاني تعبر عن عادات و تقاليد كل شعب من الشعوب العربية من أنواع الغناء الشعبي السناد وهو الغناء الثقيل ذو الترجيع الكثير النغمات و النبرات الذي يعتمد على القافية المطلقة و من أنواع الغناء الشعبي أيضا الهزج وهو الغناء الخفيف الذي يرقص عليه و يمشي بالدف و المزمار و هناك الزجل وهو اللعب و الجبلة و التطريب و رفع الصوت و سمي كذلك بسبب رفع الصوت فيه و ترجعيه في الإنشاد و هناك الموال و يقسم إلى موال شامي موال مصري و هو خماسي و موال بغدادي و هو سباعي.
الحكايات الشعبية و هي تصور أحداثا من الماضي أو تجمع بين الواقع و الخيال في رؤية فنية أو ما يردده الناس من حكايات و خرافات تتضمن ما تم توارثه من عادات و تقاليد من الزمن الماضي و في الفلكور العربي تم توارث سير الأبطال و ملاحم البطولة مثل سيرة سيف ذي يزن و عنترة بن شداد و أبو زيد الهلالي و غيرهم من أبطال التاريخ العربي و كذلك اللطائف و النوادر الساخرة التي تصور بعباراتها الموجزة مثل و من الشخصيات الطريفة التي تم توارثها من الماضي شخصية أشعب و شخصية الطنبوري و حذائه و شخصية جحا و غيرهاو يشمل الفلكور العربي أيضا الرسم و النقش و النحت و صناعة الدمى و تطريز الملابس و الحلي و فنون التزيين و غيرها من الفنون.
يعتبر الفلكلور العربي غني بمواد المأثورات الشعبية التي سجلها الرواد الأوائل من المفكرين العرب في مخطوطاتهم و مدوناتهم الفكرية و الأدبية مثل الجاحظ و الأصفهاني و ابن خلدون و غيرهم.
و من المأثورات التي وصلتنا كتاب ألف ليلة وليلة وهو ملحمة أدبية شرقية تتناول قصص ترويها شهرزاد للملك شهريار تمتد على مدى ألف ليلة و ليلة تنهي شهرزاد الليلة بجزء مشوق و مثير من القصة لتكملة في الليلة القادمة وهكذا ليجبر الملك لإبقائها على قيد الحياة حتى الليلة القادمة و تضمنت القصص شخصيات متوارثة من جيل إلى جيل مثل شخصية السندباد البحري و شخصية علي بابا و الأربعين لصا و شخصية معروف الإسكافي الذي ختم بها كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة.
هناك كم غير يسير مما هو مدون من الفلكلور العربي مدون كان أصلا مادة شفهية إنتبه إلى أهميتها كثير من الرواد الأوائل من المفكرين العرب فسجلوها و أثبتوها بالتدوين و الدراسة.
كما يشمل الفلكور العربي أيضا اللهجات التي تم توارثها من جيل إلى جيل و هي تختلف من دولة عربية إلى دولة عربية أخرى و تختلف من منطقة إلى منطقة أخرى داخل كل دولة.
Folklore
Folklore consists of culture, including stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. The word 'folklore' was first used by the English antiquarian William Thoms in a letter published by the London Journal Athenaeum in 1846.[1] In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new motifs can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.
Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.[2]
Artifacts
Elements such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals, hand-built houses and barns,[3] and handmade clothing and other crafts are considered to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as "material culture." Additionally, figures that depict characters from folklore, such as statues of the three wise monkeys may be considered to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a culture.[4] The operative definition would depend on whether the artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which they are made, and whether they follow a community aesthetic.
Oral tradition
Folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with mythology, and vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the same status as those dominant beliefs.[citation needed] Thus, Roman religion is called "myth" by Christians. In that way, both "myth" and "folklore" have become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not correspond with the dominant belief structure.
Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody folklore elements in a Christian context, as well as the tales of Old Mr. Brennan. Examples of such Christian mythology are the themes woven round Saint George or Saint Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense. That is, while the tales of Odin the Wanderer have a religious value to the Norse who composed the stories, because it does not fit into a Christian configuration it is not considered "religious" by Christians who may instead refer to it as "folklore."
"Folktales" is a general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody.
On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the Jungian view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or archetypes of the mind. This may or may not have components of the fantastic (such as magic, ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, "Hansel and Gretel", is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a cautionary tale about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood themes and motifs such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and “Atonement with the Father.”
There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the performance. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible, analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or editor.
Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the urban legend. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as riddles, children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors (including conspiracy theories), gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-cycle rituals. UFO abduction narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian Europe, or even such tales in the Bible as the Ascent of Elijah to heaven. Adrienne Mayor, in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation Aesopica: "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Such as Mayor, 2000).
Vladimir Propp's classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics. Though his work was based on syntagmatic structure, it gave the scope to understand the structure of folktales, of which he discovered thirty one functions.[5]
Cultural
Folklorist William Bascom states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music. Country, blues, and bluegrass all originate from American folklore. Examples of artists which have used folkloric themes in their music would be: Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine Show, Jim Croce, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relieve them, for example in the case of humor and carnival.
In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture.
Rituals
Many rituals can sometimes be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g. weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally, children's counting-out games can be defined as behavioral folklore.[6]
Categories of folklore
* Genres
o Archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters.
o Ballad
o Blason Populaire
o Childlore
o Children's street culture
o Counting rhymes
o Costumbrismo
o Craft
o Custom
o Epic poetry
o Factoids
o Festival
o Folk art
o Folk belief
o Folk magic
o Folk medicine
o Folk metaphor
o Folk narrative
+ Anecdote
+ Fable
+ Fairy tale
+ Ghost story
+ Joke
+ Legend
+ Myth
+ Parable
+ Tall tale
+ Urban legend
o Folk play
o Folk poetry and rhyme
o Folk simile
o Folk song
o Games
o Holiday lore and customs
o Mythology
o Riddle
o Saying
+ Maxim
+ Proverb
o Superstition
o Taunts
o Weather lore
o Xerox lore
National or ethnic
Further information: List of mythologies
* American folklore
o Canadian folklore
o Latin American folklore
+ Brazilian folklore
+ Caribbean folklore
+ Colombian folklore
o United States folklore
* Australian folklore
* East Asian
o Chinese folklore
o Japanese folklore
o Korean folklore
* European
o Albanian folklore
o Alpine (Austrian and Swiss) folklore
o English folklore
o Estonian folklore
o Dutch folklore
o Finnish folklore
o French folklore
o German folklore
o Hungarian folklore
o Irish folklore
o Italian folklore
o Lithuanian folklore
o Maltese folklore
o Montenegrin folklore
o Romanian folklore
o Scandinavian folklore
o Scottish folklore
o Slavic folklore
+ Polish folklore
+ Russian folklore
o Spanish Folklore
o Swiss folklore
o Welsh folklore
* Near Eastern
o Aggadah
o Arab folklore
o Iranian folklore
o Jewish folklore
o Turkish folklore
* South Asian
o Indian folklore
o Pakistani folklore
* Southeast Asian
o Philippine folklore
References
1. ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.
2. ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.
3. ^ Kniffen, Fred, and Henry Glassie. "Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective." In Thomas J. Schlereth, ed., Material Culture Studies in America. Nashville, Tenn.: AASLH Press, 1982.
4. ^ Wolfgang Mieder, "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys," Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38.
5. ^ L. V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press, 1968.
6. ^ Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
فولکلور (به انگلیسی: Folklore) را میتوان مجموعهای شامل افسانهها، داستانها، موسیقی، رقص، تاریخ شفاهی، ضربالمثلها، هزلیات، باورهای عامه، رسوم دانست.فولکلور از دو کلمه انگلیسی فولک به معنی توده و لور به معنی دانش تشکیل شده است[۱].
فولکلور را بیشتر در بررسی تودههای عامی مردم میجوید معمولاً در میان اقوام قدیمی بحز قبایل وحشی نمونههایی از فولکلور یافت میشود[۲].واژه فولکلور را برای اولین بار ویلیام تامس عتیقهشناس انگلیسی در مقالهای که موضوع آن بحث دربارهٔ دانش عامیانه و آداب و رسوم سنتی بود بیان داشت[۳].این اصطلاح از نیم قرن پیش نیز در ایران و ادبیات آن راه یافتهاست و بهتدریج این اصطلاح بهمعنی دانش عامیانه و دانستنیهای تودهٔ مردم رواج یافت و «فرهنگ عامه»، «فرهنگ عامیانه»، «فرهنگ توده» و «فرهنگ مردم» نامیده شد[۴].
فولکلور در ایران
ایران به لحاظ قدمت تاریخی دارای تنوع آداب و رسوم و عقاید است و به همین لحاط دارای فولکلر غنی است.در ایران افسانهسرایی و قصهگویی از سنن دیرباز ایرانیان محسوب میشود.
شواهد افسانهها و اساطیر ایران از زمان زرتشت و صدها سال قبل از او در اوستا منعکس است. سوای آثار مکتوب، هزاران قصه و افسانه و داستان بطور شفاهی و دهان به دهان در دهات و شهرها و کوهپایههای این مرز و بوم رایج بود که یا در قهوه خانهها و یا شبها در خانهها نقل میشد و شاید تا بیست سال بیش در هر خانواده لااقل یک نفر که بهتر قصه بگوید و دهها داستان بداند وجود داشت و زندگی و آداب و رسوم ما رنگ غنی و خاص فولکلوریک خود را دارا بود[۵].
جُستارهای وابسته
* فرهنگ عامه
منابع
1. ↑ فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه دهخدا (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷).
2. ↑ هویت ملی در سایه فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه باشگاه اندیشه (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷). بازدید در تاریخ شهریور ۱۳۸۷.
3. ↑ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, «Folkloristics: An Introduction,» Indiana University Press, ۱۹۹۵.
4. ↑ فولکلور (فارسی). وبگاه آفتاب (در تاریخ ۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۷). بازدید در تاریخ شهریور ۱۳۸۷.
5. ↑ روح الامینی، محمود، مبانی انسانشناسی گرد شهر با چراغ صفحه ۲۶۶
فلكلور عربي
هي الموروثات الشعبية التي تنتشر في البلدان العربية و التي تشتمل على الرقص الشعبي و الرويات الشفوية و الأغاني الشعبية وهي أغاني تعبر عن عادات و تقاليد كل شعب من الشعوب العربية من أنواع الغناء الشعبي السناد وهو الغناء الثقيل ذو الترجيع الكثير النغمات و النبرات الذي يعتمد على القافية المطلقة و من أنواع الغناء الشعبي أيضا الهزج وهو الغناء الخفيف الذي يرقص عليه و يمشي بالدف و المزمار و هناك الزجل وهو اللعب و الجبلة و التطريب و رفع الصوت و سمي كذلك بسبب رفع الصوت فيه و ترجعيه في الإنشاد و هناك الموال و يقسم إلى موال شامي موال مصري و هو خماسي و موال بغدادي و هو سباعي.
الحكايات الشعبية و هي تصور أحداثا من الماضي أو تجمع بين الواقع و الخيال في رؤية فنية أو ما يردده الناس من حكايات و خرافات تتضمن ما تم توارثه من عادات و تقاليد من الزمن الماضي و في الفلكور العربي تم توارث سير الأبطال و ملاحم البطولة مثل سيرة سيف ذي يزن و عنترة بن شداد و أبو زيد الهلالي و غيرهم من أبطال التاريخ العربي و كذلك اللطائف و النوادر الساخرة التي تصور بعباراتها الموجزة مثل و من الشخصيات الطريفة التي تم توارثها من الماضي شخصية أشعب و شخصية الطنبوري و حذائه و شخصية جحا و غيرهاو يشمل الفلكور العربي أيضا الرسم و النقش و النحت و صناعة الدمى و تطريز الملابس و الحلي و فنون التزيين و غيرها من الفنون.
يعتبر الفلكلور العربي غني بمواد المأثورات الشعبية التي سجلها الرواد الأوائل من المفكرين العرب في مخطوطاتهم و مدوناتهم الفكرية و الأدبية مثل الجاحظ و الأصفهاني و ابن خلدون و غيرهم.
و من المأثورات التي وصلتنا كتاب ألف ليلة وليلة وهو ملحمة أدبية شرقية تتناول قصص ترويها شهرزاد للملك شهريار تمتد على مدى ألف ليلة و ليلة تنهي شهرزاد الليلة بجزء مشوق و مثير من القصة لتكملة في الليلة القادمة وهكذا ليجبر الملك لإبقائها على قيد الحياة حتى الليلة القادمة و تضمنت القصص شخصيات متوارثة من جيل إلى جيل مثل شخصية السندباد البحري و شخصية علي بابا و الأربعين لصا و شخصية معروف الإسكافي الذي ختم بها كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة.
هناك كم غير يسير مما هو مدون من الفلكلور العربي مدون كان أصلا مادة شفهية إنتبه إلى أهميتها كثير من الرواد الأوائل من المفكرين العرب فسجلوها و أثبتوها بالتدوين و الدراسة.
كما يشمل الفلكور العربي أيضا اللهجات التي تم توارثها من جيل إلى جيل و هي تختلف من دولة عربية إلى دولة عربية أخرى و تختلف من منطقة إلى منطقة أخرى داخل كل دولة.
Folklore
Folklore consists of culture, including stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. The word 'folklore' was first used by the English antiquarian William Thoms in a letter published by the London Journal Athenaeum in 1846.[1] In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new motifs can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.
Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: artifact (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior (rituals). These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.[2]
Artifacts
Elements such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals, hand-built houses and barns,[3] and handmade clothing and other crafts are considered to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as "material culture." Additionally, figures that depict characters from folklore, such as statues of the three wise monkeys may be considered to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a culture.[4] The operative definition would depend on whether the artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which they are made, and whether they follow a community aesthetic.
Oral tradition
Folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with mythology, and vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the same status as those dominant beliefs.[citation needed] Thus, Roman religion is called "myth" by Christians. In that way, both "myth" and "folklore" have become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not correspond with the dominant belief structure.
Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody folklore elements in a Christian context, as well as the tales of Old Mr. Brennan. Examples of such Christian mythology are the themes woven round Saint George or Saint Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense. That is, while the tales of Odin the Wanderer have a religious value to the Norse who composed the stories, because it does not fit into a Christian configuration it is not considered "religious" by Christians who may instead refer to it as "folklore."
"Folktales" is a general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody.
On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the Jungian view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or archetypes of the mind. This may or may not have components of the fantastic (such as magic, ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, "Hansel and Gretel", is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a cautionary tale about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood themes and motifs such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and “Atonement with the Father.”
There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the performance. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible, analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or editor.
Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the urban legend. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as riddles, children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors (including conspiracy theories), gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-cycle rituals. UFO abduction narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian Europe, or even such tales in the Bible as the Ascent of Elijah to heaven. Adrienne Mayor, in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation Aesopica: "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Such as Mayor, 2000).
Vladimir Propp's classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics. Though his work was based on syntagmatic structure, it gave the scope to understand the structure of folktales, of which he discovered thirty one functions.[5]
Cultural
Folklorist William Bascom states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music. Country, blues, and bluegrass all originate from American folklore. Examples of artists which have used folkloric themes in their music would be: Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine Show, Jim Croce, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relieve them, for example in the case of humor and carnival.
In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture.
Rituals
Many rituals can sometimes be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g. weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally, children's counting-out games can be defined as behavioral folklore.[6]
Categories of folklore
* Genres
o Archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters.
o Ballad
o Blason Populaire
o Childlore
o Children's street culture
o Counting rhymes
o Costumbrismo
o Craft
o Custom
o Epic poetry
o Factoids
o Festival
o Folk art
o Folk belief
o Folk magic
o Folk medicine
o Folk metaphor
o Folk narrative
+ Anecdote
+ Fable
+ Fairy tale
+ Ghost story
+ Joke
+ Legend
+ Myth
+ Parable
+ Tall tale
+ Urban legend
o Folk play
o Folk poetry and rhyme
o Folk simile
o Folk song
o Games
o Holiday lore and customs
o Mythology
o Riddle
o Saying
+ Maxim
+ Proverb
o Superstition
o Taunts
o Weather lore
o Xerox lore
National or ethnic
Further information: List of mythologies
* American folklore
o Canadian folklore
o Latin American folklore
+ Brazilian folklore
+ Caribbean folklore
+ Colombian folklore
o United States folklore
* Australian folklore
* East Asian
o Chinese folklore
o Japanese folklore
o Korean folklore
* European
o Albanian folklore
o Alpine (Austrian and Swiss) folklore
o English folklore
o Estonian folklore
o Dutch folklore
o Finnish folklore
o French folklore
o German folklore
o Hungarian folklore
o Irish folklore
o Italian folklore
o Lithuanian folklore
o Maltese folklore
o Montenegrin folklore
o Romanian folklore
o Scandinavian folklore
o Scottish folklore
o Slavic folklore
+ Polish folklore
+ Russian folklore
o Spanish Folklore
o Swiss folklore
o Welsh folklore
* Near Eastern
o Aggadah
o Arab folklore
o Iranian folklore
o Jewish folklore
o Turkish folklore
* South Asian
o Indian folklore
o Pakistani folklore
* Southeast Asian
o Philippine folklore
References
1. ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.
2. ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995.
3. ^ Kniffen, Fred, and Henry Glassie. "Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective." In Thomas J. Schlereth, ed., Material Culture Studies in America. Nashville, Tenn.: AASLH Press, 1982.
4. ^ Wolfgang Mieder, "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys," Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38.
5. ^ L. V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press, 1968.
6. ^ Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
+ نوشته شده در جمعه بیست و ششم شهریور ۱۳۸۹ ساعت 19:24 توسط gabriel
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